Tea with Matthew Seah: Thoughts on having a regional common currency (Part 2).

Is a common currency for member nations of ASEAN feasible? Matthew goes through some pertinent points:

Economic development

ASEAN countries have highly diverse economic development stages. According to the International Monetary Fund (2011) Singapore and Brunei, the richest countries in ASEAN, has a GDP (PPP) per capita of $59,936 and $49,517 respectively. In comparison, Myanmar’s GDP (PPP) per capita is a mere 2% of Singapore’s at $1,327. In fact, the sum of GDP (PPP) per capita of the other 8 countries namely, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar is less than Brunei, at $43,676. 

This degree of diversity in income could make it near impossible to sustain a monetary union amongst ASEAN countries. Just like how the PIIGS of the European Union (EU) is causing the richer nations in the EU to pay for their fiscal incapabilities, the “less fiscally endowed” countries will cause Singapore and Brunei to pay for their debt in the event of an economic shock.

Economic structures and business cycles

The income differentials across countries within ASEAN also reflect the dissimilarities in the economic structures as well as business structures across countries. This could impede relative price movements and production outputs across the countries.  Singapore and Brunei is probably at a peak-contraction transition phases, while countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam are in the expansion phase of the business cycle. Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia are undergoing the trough-expansion transition phases.

The business cycle is affected by the forces of supply and demand. A country that is more exposed to the international market will thus be more affected by the global market. Civil unrest in countries like Laos and Cambodia in recent years have dissuaded investors from investing in them thus creates a void in economic growth, even a decade after the Asian financial crisis in 1997.

Stabilised transfer systems

Due to the differences in business cycles and income differentials, it has proven to be difficult to have a centralised banking system to make transfers of resources across countries. Fiscal irresponsibility also undermine the monetary cooperation of the members within the currency union as witnessed in the EU where Germany has been reluctant in bailing out PIIGS. Much reformation and restructuring in the financial sectors and government policies is required before a common currency could be adopted.

Legal, cultural, and linguistic barriers

South East Asia is home to myriad cultural and linguistic differences. Unlike Singapore which promotes mutual respect and racial harmony, as well as having a common working language (English), the other ASEAN countries have been intolerant to other races and religions as can be seen in Indonesia and Malaysia to say the least. Political unrest also plagues countries like Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand.

It would be a high bar to reach for ASEAN nations to achieve cultural and religious tolerance. Most of the natives of the ASEAN countries also speak a different language across countries. A linguistic barrier would dampen the mobility of workers across countries. Hence, it would be hard for a Thai or Viet to find a job in an MNC in Singapore where the common language is English even if they may be highly skilled.

Yet, if the economic advantages of a regional monetary union are large, it is possible that countries may make political compromises so as to reap the economic benefits. Economic interests may persuade countries to set aside political differences and forge strategically beneficial political alliances. Economic and political integration in the region may span perhaps decades.

Though a common currency area seems improbable now, as the ASEAN nations become more developed, it may then be feasible to create a common currency area in ASEAN.

Related post:
Tea with Matthew Seah: Thoughts on having a regional common currency (Part 1).

Tea with Matthew Seah: Thoughts on having a regional common currency (Part 1).

The Euro is a common currency for members of the European Union. When it was implemented, there was much hype on the new currency. However, over the years, the member nations are in a state of inequality in income, welfare, employment, prices, etc.  Is it really feasible to have a common currency? Should ASEAN have a common currency like the Euro? 


With the integration of our stock exchanges, one might be thinking about whether a common currency is feasible in ASEAN, especially those in the upper echelon within each member country in ASEAN. (I think policy makers in Singapore are probably thinking of integrating, and they are using the European Union as a case study.)

I would go through the pros and the cons of having a common currency. Let’s start with the advantages:

A common currency creates ease of trade and investment among countries under the common currency area. This allows for the facilitation of trading of material goods as well as services, thereby promoting income growth within the region, by the reduction of transaction costs in cross-border trades, removal of exchange rates’ bid-ask spread, and the removal of the exchange rates’ volatility. 

A single currency also implies having a central bank (like that of the European Central Bank). Having a central bank with note-issuing powers provides the necessary liquidity to cater for inter-ASEAN payment using a single currency.

Under a floating exchange rate system, volatility in exchange rates tends to be disproportionately greater than the underlying economic fundamentals of the affected economy. We can see this in the day to day fluctuations in the exchange rates between member countries even though the economy of each country is pretty much the same (just like a business, the underlying fundamentals of a country takes a long time to change, perhaps even longer than individual companies). This volatility creates much uncertainty, which in turn, creates unexpected losses and diminishing returns on investment. As a result, a floating exchange rate system discourages cross-border trade and reduces overall economic growth, especially among small and medium sized enterprises. A common currency can therefore potentially negate the adverse effects of having a floating exchange rate system, where there is no worry of potential losses caused by exchange rate changes.

A common currency area allows factor mobility within the ASEAN region, factors such as labour and capital. As such, individual ASEAN nations can focus on developing their comparative advantage while workers immigrate through the region to countries where the workers feel can develop their niche in specialisation. Wages and price flexibility further improves labour mobility within the region.

With a single currency, a consumer can easily compare prices of a product between countries, creating efficiency in market pricing. Thus a single currency would create a more uniform price within ASEAN and enhances competition among business entities.

Skilled labor and experts in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, finance etc. can better serve member states and provide their expertise to benefit the region as a whole.

Although there are benefits, there are many challenges and obstacles hampering the integration of a common currency area in ASEAN. It is also not feasible for ASEAN to have a common currency area for now. In order for a common currency area to be successful, the member states must have similar business cycles, economic development and structures, absence of legal, cultural, and linguistic barriers that would limit mobility, wage flexibility, and a stabilised transfer system.

In Part 2, Matthew considers the challenges to having an ASEAN common currency: Part 2.

Related post:
Mr. Lee Kuan Yew on the Eurozone crisis.

Marco Polo Marine: Bracing news from Indonesia.

Some news from Marco Polo Marine's subsidiary, PT Pelayaran Nasional Bina Buana Raya Tbk:

1. They are seeking to purchase another new AHTS before the end of 2013. I like this because this will allow them to capitalise on the higher rates in Indonesia more rapidly.

2. The management is projecting at least a double digit growth in revenue and profits in 2013!

Things are looking pretty good and the Indonesian growth story is cruising ahead at full steam.

Would I buy more of Marco Polo Marine's stock?

If Mr. Market is willing to sell to me cheaply again, why not?

Related post:
Which stocks have I been accumulating in June 2013?

Reference:
RESUME HASIL PAPARAN PUBLIK TAHUNAN

Haze in the air and haze in PM's tweet.

PM Lee tweeted for "Singaporeans to remain calm and look out for one another. I'm confident we can manage this if we stay united n work together."

OK, this sounds very nice but AK71 is maybe a bit slow or plain stupid. How is looking out for one another, staying united and working together going to manage the haze situation?

Do I sound negative? I do? Oh, dear. OK, I shall try to be more positive.

Looking out for one another:
"Hey, you there! Look out! You are walking through very bad haze! Try walking around it!"

Staying united:
"Listen up, we must not let some KNS Indonesian minister say that we behave like children. We must let our indignation unite us! KNN!"

Working together:
"Everyone, position your electric fans at home to face south west and switch them on to the maximum speed! We will blow the haze back to Sumatra! Show the world that when Singaporeans work together, we can be fantastic!"

Details, PM Lee, details.

Related post:
Singaporean are kicking up a fuss about a little haze!

Singaporeans are kicking up a fuss about a little haze!

Is this Indonesia's brand of diplomacy?

A senior Indonesian minister has hit out at Singapore on the haze, saying: "Singapore shouldn't be like children, in such a tizzy."

Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare Agung Laksono, who is coordinating his country's relief and response efforts, told a press conference on Thursday.

Earlier, he told reporters that Singapore said nothing when there was fresh air, but complained about the occasional haze.

"Singapore is like that. The border issue hasn't been settled, neither has extradition, corruption."
Asked about offers of assistance, he said: "If it's just half a million (dollars), better we use our own budget."

Source: Singapore behaving like a small child.

Imagine 2 people sharing a room having a conversation:

Si: "Aiyoh, you have been farting non-stop for days. It is affecting my quality of life!"

In: "You are behaving like a child! You say nothing when I didn't fart but complain about the occasional fart!"

Si: "Why don't I give you some money to see a good Gastroenterologist?"

In: "You think I have no money? If it is just $500, better I use my own budget." (But if you are offering $5,000, I will accept.)

Related post:
Protect ourselves from the haze.

Stock picking: Spotlight on Marco Polo Marine.

I received a very well written email from a reader with some very good questions. I have a gut feeling that the questions and my reply could be of interest to other readers and decided to publish our emails:

 

Hey AK,

I have been quite an avid reader of your blog since I chanced upon it last year. Your blog has taught me a lot about investing, in particular, fundamental analysis (I was a complete klutz on this before). I believed more in technical analysis back then, but your blog has shown that a good investor has to accord time and effort to both technical and fundamental analysis, in order to make rational decisions. So, just wanna say a word of thanks for showing me the ropes and helping me be a better investor.

I find your analysis very objective and illuminating, and truly I am learning something new with every post you publish. But above all, I am struck by your humbleness and willingness to help other budding investors out with tips to aid our financial journey. I dare say, precious few who are blessed with such good grasp of the market as you are, will be willing to share this with other people.

If you don't mind, I like to ask you a question on fundamental analysis, as I concede I am really terrible at it. Take for instance, Marco Polo Marine, where you have astutely highlighted out its sound fundamentals and strong economic moat. Can I just enquire what made Marco Polo stand out as an outstanding stock to you in the first place i.e. how did it get on your radar? I read that you noticed the high insider trades... is monitoring of insider trades a first requisite step to identifying strong fundamental plays? I'm asking because, there are so many companies out there, and one cannot possibly research everything, so I was wondering what aspect of their fundamentals you will notice first, before it gets on your "monitoring list" for further research? (Btw, I have taken your advice, and taken a closer look at MPM and am now vested in it too - so really wanna shoutout a word of thanks)

Secondly, and still on MPM, I understand that a great portion of the moat comes from the cabotage law. Would you say that actually this makes MPM rather vulnerable to policy uncertainities in Indonesia? For instance, if Indonesian authorities face strong appeals from the Indonesian oil and gas lobby and then decides to rescind the cabotage law - then surely MPM could be, pardon the pun, be left high and dry, its moat all gone. Additionally, is reflagging one's vessels under Indonesian colours a substantial barriers to entry? If not, then we could see supply (in terms of reflagged vessels) coming back into play, eroding any advtg MPM had. Of course, I do still have my eye on the attractive P/E of MPM at 6 vis a vis its peers e.g. Jaya, ASL. But in your opinion, if not for the Cabotage Law, would the P/E of 6 be sufficient reason for you to purchase MPM?

Keen to hear your thoughts on the matter, and once again, thanks for all your insights.

Cheers,
T..

 

 

My reply to T..:

 

Hi T..,

First off, I don't give advice. I am not allowed to. My blog is a place where I talk to myself and I cannot help it if people overhear what I say (as I talk rather loudly). If overhearing me talking to myself has helped you on your own journey, I am happy. ;)

Regarding Marco Polo Marine, yes, it was the continual insider buying that prompted me to dig into the stock. Insiders could sell their stakes for myriad reasons but to increase their stakes and by large amounts, it could only mean that they think the stock is undervalued.

Keeping a tab on insider buying activities is one way we could possibly find undervalued stocks since insiders know their businesses best. Of course, it should not be the only thing we look out for. We would still have to look into the numbers from reports and look at analyses by research houses if they are available.

As for how to generate a "monitoring list", I try to read as much as possible. I like to get a feel of macro economic trends which are helpful in telling us about the health and prospects of different sectors and countries. This is, of course, a top down approach.

This should be followed by a bottom up approach as we look at different companies with businesses in the sectors and countries which are likely to do well. Of course, this is where we examine the income statements, the balance sheets and the cash flow statements. Then, there are all the different ratios.

Having done all these, I would look at the charts as I believe technical analysis provides a window into the collective pyschology of market participants. In a bearish situation, cheap could get cheaper. In a bullish situation, dear could get dearer.

Then, make a decision. Of course, decision making is based on the best knowledge we have at any point in time. That best knowledge must also include the risks involved from a fundamental as well as a technical perspective.

The most important knowledge of all is self knowledge. Can we accept the risks involved? Don't just think of the possible gains. In the event that we should suffer a paper loss, how would we probably react? I always say that a peace of mind is priceless.

Now, all these might make me sound like I am infallible. I am not.

Sometimes, I get lazy. Sometimes, I make mistakes. Sometimes, I get in too early. Sometimes, I miss the boat.

Before I digress further, on your concern that Marco Polo Marine's moat might dry up, I would say it is a pertinent question.

I cannot make any representation as to how probable a change to the cabotage law in Indonesia is going to be. However, if we take the cue from Mr. Lee Wan Tang who probably knows the sentiments of the Indonesian government better than us, then, it is a reasonable risk that we are accepting as investors, isn't it?

Foreign competitors could reflag their vessels if they are willing to take a minority stake in a potential Indonesian counterpart. Whether they are willing to do this, I don't know.

Would Jaya be willing to go into a joint venture with an Indonesian company, taking a minority stake, so that 3 of their OSVs (in a fleet of almost 30) could get back into Indonesian waters? Your guess is as good as mine.

Marco Polo Marine was able to react very swiftly and decisively to the cabotage law because the Lee family are Indonesians and the Indonesian company that Marco Polo Marine took a 49% stake in was their own. Indonesia is Marco Polo Marine's own turf, so to speak.

To answer your last question, although the cabotage law has been fortuitous for the company, without it, Marco Polo Marine's much cheaper valuation against its peers in the sector would be compelling reason enough for me to buy its stock as sector fundamentals suggest that positives are on the horizon.

I hope that I have addressed all your concerns.

Best wishes,
AK

 

Related posts:

1. Recommended books for FA and TA.

2. 5 rules for successful stock investing.

3. Little book of value investing.

4. Be comfortable with being invested.

5. Risks, risks and risks.
6. Marco Polo Marine: Insider buying continues.

Invest in Asian equities and inflation is here to stay.

Invest in Asian equities and forget US Government bonds (Marc Faber on CNBC, 16 Aug 10):



Inflation in Asia is here to stay.  0.125% per annum in interest payment from savings accounts in Singapore banks will erode your wealth:



Related post:
Grow your wealth and beat inflation.

The EU and Asia.

I remember reading as an undergrad that artificial countries will never work out.  Good examples are the former Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia.  We can never integrate people and their spaces together with other people and their spaces if they are different culturally.  We need very strong leaders to hold such constructs together.

In recent times, we saw problems in China with Tibet and Indonesia with Timor. Now, the problem which is more glaring is the EU. The EU is different in that it is made up of different countries.  These countries have given up their own currencies to embrace a common currency.  This, effectively, surrenders some of the individual countries' control over their economic destinies. This is probably a reason why Baroness Margaret Thatcher, then Prime Minister, refused to have the UK join the EU.

In The Straits Times on 29 April, I read with concern as an article reported that there is little danger to Asia because of our little trade exposure to the EU.  It said that the EU consumes 19.8% of China's exports, 12.4% of Korea's, 11.9% of Japan's, 11.9% of Thailand's, 10.3% of Taiwan's and just 4.9% of Singapore's.  These numbers are based on a 12 month average ending March.

What should be considered, in my opinion, is the missing multiplier effect. If China loses 19.8% of her export market in any substantial way, we can imagine them importing less from other countries and this will impact other countries' trade figures in total.  Same goes for Japan, Korea and also Singapore.  The fallout will have earth moving consequences for us in Asia.

Unfortunately, there is no end in sight to the EU's problems, it would seem.

Blame Germany, Galbraith Says:
"Extreme Brinkmanship" Imperils Europe
Posted Apr 30, 2010 03:43pm EDT by Aaron Task



In sum, the Greek bailout may alleviate the immediate crisis but is far from a "permanent solution," the economist says. European officials will be "fighting fires continuously until they address the constitutional problem" of the EU.

LMIR: More units at 10% yield.

I have liked the Indonesian economy for some time now.  In fact, I've liked it before the onset of the last crisis.  I was accumulating units in LMIR when many others were giving it the "Indonesian discount".  During the last crisis, I bought more units in LMIR.  Just like units in First REIT which I bought at 42c during this last crisis, these units are for keeps as they have an estimated annual yield of 14.5% on average.  They have also appreciated nicely in price, of course.

Much of my funds was held in my investments in Healthway Medical and Golden Agriculture for many months.  I divested much of my positions in these two counters in January 2010 and again earlier this month, bagging some nice gains in the process.  See: Rationale for partial divestment. 

With the gains from the partial divestments, I have since increased my exposure in AIMS AMP Capital Industrial REIT and Saizen REIT to increase the size of my high yield portfolio.  After all, the core aim of my investment activities is to generate passive income streams with high yields. 

I have also been waiting for a chance to buy more LMIR at 45c to 46c since January when it declined after forming a high of 53c.  Unfortunately, it never did sink that low.

In LMIR's latest report, its NAV is a higher 83c per unit with gearing at a very healthy 10.5%.  At today's price of 50.5c, the discount to NAV is almost 40%! Yield is also a very attractive 10% at the current price of 50.5c.  The numbers are good.

Fundamentally, I believe in the strength of the Indonesian economy.  Susilo Bambang Yodoyono has led the country through the recent crisis without it sinking into a recession and the economy is likely to register even stronger growth in the next two years.  Indonesia has a large domestic economy and domestic consumption accounts for 60% of its GDP.  LMIR will be a key beneficiary of such a situation in an improving economy.

On the REIT level, LMIR's very low gearing will allow it to make yield accretive purchases without having to resort to asking for funds from existing unitholders.  LMIR will also have a ready stock of malls from its sponsor, Lippo, in Indonesia.  In the event that such purchases take place, we would most likely see an increase in the REIT's distributable income.  I also like the fact that Singapore's Mapletree, a Temasek company, is a partner in the joint management of LMIR.  LMIR has a strong pedigree.

Although I like the fundamentals of LMIR, I have been waiting for an entry point using TA.  On hindsight, when LMIR was testing the lower limits of the Bollinger bands at 47c, those instances could have been good opportunities to buy some units but the MACD was negative and the price could have gone lower.  So, I held back.

Anyway, I have been waiting for a couple of months but the merged 20d and 100d MAs are moving up in tandem now and seem to be giving LMIR a much needed push upwards.  Also, the price action seems to have formed a mini double bottom in February with the neckline at 50c.  This neckline is also a many times tested resistance for LMIR and will be a strong support one day, as a result.  Today, LMIR traded at and above 50c.  We will need confirmation on whether 50c is the new support in future sessions.

MACD has turned positive and the the OBV shows gradual long term accumulation.  All signs point to an increased level of safety in buying LMIR now.  Any negatives?  The volume remains low which seems to indicate a lack of sustainability.  However, if we remember, apart from a few occasions, LMIR has always been a relatively thinly traded counter despite having 1.075 billion units in issue.  If we look at the list of shareholders, we will know why:

1. Lanius Ltd                         19.7%
    (includes Lippo Karawaci)
2. Mapletree                          13.2%
3. Stichting Pensioen              9.9%

4. CPI Capital Partners Asia  8.4%
5. ABN Amro Asset Mngmt  6.4%

The free float is only 42.4% of all available units!

So, I decided to buy up some units today at 50.5c to increase the weight of LMIR in my high yield portfolio.  If 50c is confirmed as the new support for LMIR, I will buy more.  More units at 10% yield in the bag!

-----------------------------------------------------------------
The following was added on 18 March 2010:

Indonesia c.bank revises up GDP, sees low H1 prices


JAKARTA, March 11 - Indonesia's central bank has revised up its 2010 economic growth forecast to 5.5-6.0 percent from an earlier 5.0-5.5 percent rise, helped by stronger exports, deputy governor Hartadi Sarwono said in a statement on Thursday.


The central bank, which maintained its economic growth forecast for 2011 at 6.0-6.5 percent, also forecast no significant inflationary pressure in the first half of 2010. Stronger economic growth was being partly led by exports, Sarwono said.


"Besides strong domestic demand, the recovery especially comes from external factors, which is in line with the global economic recovery," he said in a statement on the central bank's website .


Southeast Asia's biggest economy reported a surge of nearly 60 percent in exports in January to $11.57 billion, bouncing back from a low base a year earlier... - Reuters - Friday, March 12


Related posts:
High yield portfolio.
New global economic leadership.
Lippo Mapletree Indonesia Retail Trust.
First REIT: This one is for keeps.

A new year and a new decade. Strategy for 2010.

Firstly, Happy New Year! It's the beginning of a new year and a new decade. Many countries in the world still have huge debts to deal with but let's hope things will be better the next 10 years.

This is extracted from the latest issue of NEWSWEEK magazine:

The American goverment may owe China US$799 billion but when it comes to foreign debt per capita, the US is relatively prudent. Which nationality has the highest foreign debt per capita?

Greeks US$ 27,746
Belgians US$ 27,023
Austrians US$ 26,502
Irish US$ 24,247
Norwegians US$ 21,402
Italians US$ 21,089
Dutch US$ 20,412
French US$ 18,946
Germans US$ 15,574
Finns US$ 13,617
Americans US$ 11,094
Danes US$ 9,410
Spaniards US$ 8,715
Swedes US$ 7,058
Brits US$ 6,526

Now, this puts things in perspective. Many countries are still not out of the woods. This gives the idea that we will see the global economy going into a tailspin again in the next 2 or 3 years greater credence. We are experiencing a cyclical bull in a secular bear market and not the beginnings of a secular bull market.

My strategy for 2010?

1. Gold
I am keeping an eye on the price of gold. If it goes closer to the psychologically important support level of US$1,000 an ounce, I will buy more physical gold as a long term hedge against inflation. Gold also acts as an insurance for my other investments. I buy physical gold from UOB.

2. Crude oil
I believe that demand for crude oil will continue to strengthen through 2010. However, it will not go up in a straight line. It will climb a wall of worries and we will have plenty of worries in 2010, no doubt. I would trade counters which are leveraged to the price of crude palm oil (CPO) as a proxy to the price movement of crude oil. I like Golden Agriculture.

3. Japan
As a contrarian play, Japan might outperform after almost two decades being in the doldrums. I like the Japanese Yen. I like Japanese real estate. I like Saizen REIT.

4. Indonesia
A strong emerging market, Indonesia did not suffer negative growth in 2009. I like LMIR and First REIT for the low gearings and the high yields.

5. Healthcare
There is greater demand for quality healthcare with increasing affluence and an ageing population in Singapore. I choose Healthway Medical.

6. Tourism
2010 will be a year where tourist arrivals balloon in Singapore with the completion of the two integrated resorts (IRs). Looking for value and high yield, I like Suntec REIT and SPH.

There are many other counters which will do well in 2010 but I will concentrate on these I've highlighted. The choices here are based on FA. Remember to use TA to identify entry and exit prices. Good luck in 2010.

New global economic leadership

The USA was not always the global economic leader. It took its current place more or less after the world wars. Before the USA, the UK was the leader. The Sterling Pound was worth a lot more than what it's worth today. I remember my parents and my grandparents keeping the Sterling Pound. The exchange rate was S$7 to a Sterling Pound, if I remember their accounts correctly. So, global economic leadership shifted from the UK to the USA.

Now, Jim Rogers has said this many times and I agree with him: economic leadership is shifting once more and the next 100 years will see Asia taking over the reigns of global economic leadership and he expects China to take the lead.

That's why I've also shared my views with friends that my favourite currencies, apart from gold, are the RMB and the Indonesian Rupiah. I've a bit of all three and intend to accumulate more gold. The RMB and the Rupiah are fiat currencies like the US$ but they have not been abused and are not as flawed.

The Chinese economy is large and dynamic. However, it has to undergo a huge behavioral and structural transformation for the Chinese to consume more and to rely less on exports. Why do I say this? Let's look at Indonesia. It has a population of 240 million, a far cry from China's 1.6 billion, and private consumption is 60% of its GDP. In China, private consumption is only 36% of its GDP.

Many might or might not know this but "China's consumption-to-GDP ratio has dropped by nearly 15 percentage points since 1990 and continues to deteriorate in the aftermath of the financial crisis. The sources of China's low consumption rate are both behavioral and structural." This was in a recent report by McKinsey.

Asia might be the future economic powerhouse of the world and China might become the leader but the journey has only begun.